Carl Jung

Helped Make Psychoanalysis More acceptable

Developed Analytical Psychology

Introduced ideas of Introversion and Extroversion

Introduced the idea of Archetypes

Jungian Theory of Mental Awareness

Similar to Freud: Both Conscious and Unconscious Levels

However, 2 Different Levels of the Unconscious

Personal Unconscious: repressed and/or forgotten autobiographical memories.

Contents are called "COMPLEXES"

Collective Unconscious: The ancestral past of the entire species. A genetic inheritance of experiences . Largely responsible for myths, legends, and religious beliefs.

"Motherly Instincts" stem partly from this inheritance

Contents are organized as Archetypes

Archetypes

"Mentally Expressed Instincts from the Past"

Common Themes which have run throughout history support the existence of archetypes.

Dreams represent Archetypes which are currently active within a persons life.

Jung thought that a dream he had at 3 ½ was too complex to have come from Personal Unconscious.

Part of analytical psychology is for the analysand to discover and come to grips with the different archetypes which help control the persons life. By uncovering these archetypes, a person will develop a more complete, whole sense of self.

Uncovering these unconscious archetypes are referred to as Jung as "tests of courage"

Typical Archetypes:

Persona: Image we portray to other people (Public Image)

If someone identifies too strongly with their persona, they will not reach self-realization.

Shadow: Things about ourselves we hide from other people. Morally objectional tendencies and Creative Instincts.

To be aware of your shadow is the "First Test of Courage" according to Jung.

Jung believed in the bisexual nature of humans

Anima: Feminine Side of Men. Comes from early men’s experiences with women. Can Create distortion in relationships with females. Seen in active behavior as Irrational Moods and Feelings.

Knowing your Anima is "The second test of courage" which few men are willing to face.

Animus: The masculine side of Females. Seen in active behavior as symbolic thinking and expressing opinions.

If a women holds a valid opinion, Jung stated it sprung ready made from the collective unconscious.

Two other Archetypes are derived from the Anima and Animus

The Great Mother: Every man and women has both negative and positive feelings towards this prototypical mother. Capable of fertility and nourishment but also neglect and abuse.

Positive Mother is symbolized as Trees, gardens, churches, cooking utensils in dreams

The Old Wise Man: Our preexisting knowledge of the memories of life.

Symbolized in dreams as father, grandfather,guru, doctor, priest.

Hero: seen as the ideal personality, the hero is symbolized in mythology as someone fighting against great odds with a human vulnerability. Signifies the dawning of consciousness in humans.

The ultimate archetype

If you pass all the tests of courage you will be able to develop a superordinate Archetype,

The Self

The "Archetype of Archetypes"

Through the process of Self-Realization, all of the active archetypes within a person’s unconscious become combined in the Self.

Self-realization, or individuation, is partly instinctual.

The goal of analytical Psychology is to aid the self-realization process.

The self must balance the power of the archetypes to achieve both unity and order --- Similar to Freud’s concept that the Ego must be powerful enough to deal with the super-ego and the ID.

Introversion and Extroversion

Jung defined attitude as a predisposition to act in a certain way. People can be primarily Introverted or Primarily Extroverted but both attitudes are possible within a person.

Whichever attitude is currently conscious determines are behavior.

Introversion: A turning inward of psychic energy. Having more of an interest in the subjective than the objective world.

Extroversion : Outward expressions of psychic energy. Extraverted people are seen as pragmatic and realistic.

Psychologically healthy people feel comfortable with both attitudes.

Jungian Stages of Development

Childhood:

1. Archaic: sporadic consciousness

2. Monarchic: beginning of logical and abstract thinking, Ego starts to develop.

Youth: From Puberty until 35 - 40.

Maturing Sexuality, growing consciousness, and a realization that the care free days of childhood are gone forever. People strive to gain independence, find a mate, and raise a family.

Middle Life: The realization that you will not live forever creates tension. If you desperately try to cling to your youth, you will fail in the process of self-realization.

Introverted tendencies should now be explored and people often become religious during this period.

Old Age: Consciousness is reduced. Jung thought that death is the ultimate goal of life. By realizing this, people will not face death with fear, but with a hope for rebirth.

Involved three major tools:

Word Association test: A more structured version of Freud’s free association procedure. The process is as important as the specific answers. Body Language, Stammering, Multiple Responses all gave Jung information about the persons psyche.

Dream Analysis: Did not believe in Wish Fulfillment, and did not believe that sexual desires were at the root at most dreams. Thought that symbolic imagery in dream was the key to uncovering the unconscious and the different archetypes.

Active Imagination: Uncovering the unconscious by painting, drawing, and sculpture.

Jung’s break with Freud

Jung, being the son of a Swiss Pastor, disagreed that psychic energy was sexual in nature, and that repression was due to sexual trauma.

Freuds theories of human behavior were sexually based,

Jung’s theories of human behavior were spiritually based.

Jung took a more spiritual view toward human activity.

His work on religious symbolism is highly prized by theologians.

Freud,of course, would say that Jung sublimated his sexual desires in the form of socially acceptable intellectual pursuits -- A sign of a person with a dominant super-ego.

Jung complained that many of the dreams he told Freud were being analyzed incorrectly.

Or

An individuals personality becomes fragmented into seemingly separate identities.

These identities may or may not know of other identities existence.

This disorder is frequently traced to severe childhood trauma, such as sexual or physical abuse.

By creating a dissociation, the child is able to compartmentalize abuse to a certain degree so that their entire life is not completely miserable.

The professional concern is whether the development of multiple personalities with different names reflects true dissociations or the wishes of the clinician.

By creating different names for these various aspects of a person’s identity, are we encouraging the person to deal with the difficulties by making them consciously aware of these "other selves", or are we reinforcing the tendency of the person to rely on these different identities to help them cope with life ?

Jung described eight main personality types:

Primary Attitude

Introversion Extraversion

Scientists

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We possess each of these functions to a different degree.

Sensation and Intuition are described as irrational functions.

Thinking and Feeling are described as rational functions.